Q91. How does an orchestration tool like Airflow schedule data pipelines?
Airflow models a workflow as a DAG: a directed acyclic graph of tasks with dependencies. A scheduler parses DAG files, creates DAG runs per schedule interval, and queues ...
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Q92. How do you invalidate cached data?
Invalidation is the hardest part of caching. Options, often combined: - TTL expiry: every entry has a lifetime; simple and self-healing, but data can be stale until it ex...
Q93. Explain the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow with PKCE.
It is the recommended flow for web, mobile and single-page applications. 1. The client generates a random `code_verifier`, hashes it to a `code_challenge`, and redirects ...
Q94. When do you choose synchronous versus asynchronous communication?
Synchronous calls (HTTP/REST, gRPC) are simple, easy to reason about and return results immediately, which suits queries and request-response workflows. The downside is t...
Q95. How do dynamic routes and generateStaticParams work?
Dynamic segments use bracket folders: app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx receives params as a prop, which is a Promise in recent versions. Catch-all routes use [...slug] and option...
Q96. What is the difference between ref and reactive, and what are the pitfalls?
ref creates a reactive reference that can hold any value, including primitives, and is accessed through .value in JavaScript while auto-unwrapping in templates. reactive ...
Q97. How do pipes and redirection work?
Every process has three standard streams: stdin (0), stdout (1) and stderr (2). Redirection connects them to files or other processes. ```bash cmd > out.log # stdout to f...
Q98. How do protocols and protocol extensions enable protocol-oriented programming?
A protocol declares requirements such as properties, methods, initialisers or associated types that conforming types implement. Swift encourages protocol-oriented program...
Q99. What are extension functions and what are their limitations?
An extension function adds a method to a class without modifying or inheriting it. Resolution is static. ```kotlin fun String.toTitleCase(): String = split(" ").joinToStr...
Q100. What is deferred execution in LINQ and why does it matter?
LINQ queries over `IEnumerable` are lazy: the query is a description that runs only when enumerated by `foreach`, `ToList`, `Count`, `First` or similar. Each enumeration ...