Q11. How do you invalidate cached data?
Invalidation is the hardest part of caching. Options, often combined: - TTL expiry: every entry has a lifetime; simple and self-healing, but data can be stale until it ex...
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Q12. What is cross-validation and why use it?
Cross-validation repeatedly splits data into training and validation folds to estimate how well a model generalizes. In k-fold, the data is split into k parts; the model ...
Q13. Explain boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning.
Most bugs hide at the edges of valid ranges, because off-by-one and comparison mistakes concentrate there. Boundary value analysis tests just inside, on and just outside ...
Q14. What are cache penetration, breakdown and avalanche?
Three classic failure modes, often confused: - Penetration: requests for keys that do not exist always miss the cache and hit the database. Attackers can exploit this wit...
Q15. What are arbitrary values and when should you use them?
When a design needs a one-off value that is not in the scale, arbitrary value syntax accepts raw CSS inside square brackets: w-[327px], top-[117px], bg-[#1da1f2], grid-co...
Q16. How do move semantics and rvalue references improve performance?
Copying large objects is expensive. Move semantics transfer ownership of a resource from a temporary (an rvalue) instead of copying, leaving the source in a valid but uns...
Q17. How do you trace requirements through to delivery and validate they were met?
Traceability means being able to follow a requirement from its origin through design, build and testing to delivery, in both directions. Forward traceability shows that e...
Q18. How do you evaluate a regression model?
Choose metrics that match the problem. - MAE: mean absolute error, in the target's units, robust to outliers. - MSE and RMSE: penalize large errors more; RMSE is in targe...
Q19. How do you keep a cache consistent with the database?
Perfect consistency is not achievable without giving up caching; aim for bounded staleness and correct behavior. Practical rules: - On write, commit to the database first...
Q20. How do the different Next.js caches and revalidation layers work?
Next.js has several cache layers. The Data Cache stores individual fetch results and can be tagged. The Full Route Cache stores rendered HTML and RSC payloads for static ...