Q101. What does ROLLBACK do after COMMIT?
**`ROLLBACK` does nothing after a `COMMIT` has executed**. ### Why? Once a transaction issues `COMMIT`, the changes are permanently written to the database transaction lo...
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**`ROLLBACK` does nothing after a `COMMIT` has executed**. ### Why? Once a transaction issues `COMMIT`, the changes are permanently written to the database transaction lo...
The four foundational properties that guarantee database transactions are processed reliably are known as **ACID**: 1. **Atomicity**: "All or nothing." If any statement w...
Every individual statement is automatically committed. In MySQL, autocommit is ON by default. Turn it off for multi-statement transactions: ```sql SET autocommit = 0; -- ...
**REPEATABLE READ** (InnoDB engine). Prevents dirty reads and non-repeatable reads, but phantom reads are possible (though InnoDB uses MVCC + gap locking to mostly preven...
**Yes**, in MySQL (using the standard InnoDB storage engine), **autocommit is enabled by default** (`autocommit = 1`): ### What Autocommit Means: - Every individual SQL s...
In MySQL and relational databases, a **virtual table** is called a **View**: ```sql CREATE VIEW active_customer_summary AS SELECT id, first_name, last_name, email FROM Cu...
**Some views are updatable, but under strict structural criteria**: ### Conditions for a View to Be Updatable: 1. Must reference **only one base table** in the `FROM` cla...
1. **Simplify complex queries** — hide JOINs and aggregations 2. **Security** — expose only specific columns/rows 3. **Logical independence** — shield apps from schema ch...
**Standard SQL views do NOT contain data**. - **Standard Views (Virtual)**: Contain only a stored SQL query definition in the data dictionary. Every query against the vie...
To delete a view from the database, use the **`DROP VIEW`** command: ```sql DROP VIEW IF EXISTS active_customer_summary; ``` Dropping a view removes only the stored query...
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