Q111. What is cross-validation and why use it?
Cross-validation repeatedly splits data into training and validation folds to estimate how well a model generalizes. In k-fold, the data is split into k parts; the model ...
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Q112. How do you reduce Docker image size?
Attack the layers, base image, and build context. - Use a minimal base: alpine, distroless, or scratch for static binaries. - Use multi-stage builds: compile in one stage...
Q113. Compare RBAC and ABAC for authorization.
Role-Based Access Control assigns permissions to roles and roles to users, for example `admin` can delete any order. It is simple to reason about, easy to audit and a goo...
Q114. How does the saga pattern handle distributed transactions?
A saga replaces a single ACID transaction across services with a sequence of local transactions, each publishing an event or invoking the next step. If a step fails, prev...
Q115. How should you paginate a GraphQL list field?
Two options: - Offset/limit: `orders(offset: 40, limit: 20)`. Easy to implement but unstable when items are inserted or removed and slow at large offsets. - Cursor-based ...
Q116. How would you design pagination for a large collection?
Two main approaches: - Offset pagination: `GET /items?limit=20&offset=40`. Simple and allows jumping to a page, but degrades as offsets grow because the database must sca...
Q117. How do ARIA live regions announce dynamic content?
Live regions announce content that changes without a page reload, such as form errors, toast messages, search result counts or a chat log. The aria-live attribute has val...
Q118. How do slots and component composition work in Svelte?
Slots let a parent pass markup into a child. A default slot is placed with slot in the child and any children of the parent's component tag fill it. Named slots use slot ...
Q119. When should you use guard instead of if let?
Both unwrap optionals, but `guard` is designed for early exit and keeps the happy path unindented. Its `else` branch must exit the current scope with `return`, `break`, `...
Q120. How do interfaces work in Go, and what is the empty interface?
An interface is a set of method signatures. Any type that implements all of them satisfies the interface implicitly, with no `implements` keyword. Internally an interface...