Q1. How does GraphQL differ from REST?
GraphQL exposes a single endpoint and a typed schema rather than many resource URLs. The client sends a query describing exactly the fields it needs, so it avoids the ove...
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Q2. What is the difference between a query, a mutation and a subscription?
- Query: a read operation. Queries can run in parallel and must be side-effect free. - Mutation: a write operation that changes server state. Top-level mutation fields ru...
Q3. What is a GraphQL schema and what is SDL?
The schema is the contract between client and server: it declares the types, fields, arguments, return types and nullability that all operations are validated against. Th...
Q4. What is the N+1 problem in GraphQL and how do you solve it?
Resolvers run per field. If a list resolver returns N items and a child field resolver loads related data one item at a time, you get one query for the list plus N querie...
Q5. What arguments does a GraphQL resolver receive?
A resolver has the signature `(parent, args, context, info)`: - `parent` (also root/value): the object returned by the parent resolver. - `args`: the arguments supplied t...
Q6. How should you paginate a GraphQL list field?
Two options: - Offset/limit: `orders(offset: 40, limit: 20)`. Easy to implement but unstable when items are inserted or removed and slow at large offsets. - Cursor-based ...
Q7. How does error handling work in GraphQL?
GraphQL usually returns HTTP 200 with a JSON body containing `data` and/or `errors`, because a single operation can partially succeed across fields. ```json { "data": { "...
Q8. How do you handle authorization in a GraphQL API?
Authorization belongs in the server layer, never in the client query. Because clients can request any combination of fields, enforce rules at the field and object level, ...
Q9. How do you protect a GraphQL endpoint from abusive queries?
Because clients can compose arbitrarily deep and wide queries, a single request can exhaust the database. Defences: - Limit query depth, for example reject anything deepe...
Q10. What is GraphQL federation and when do you need it?
Federation lets several teams own separate GraphQL subgraphs and compose them into one graph for clients. Each subgraph declares the entities it owns with a key directive...