Q21. What are build artefacts and why version them?
A build artefact is the immutable output of a build: a container image, JAR, binary, or package. Versioning means each artefact has a unique, traceable identifier. Why: -...
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Q22. What is an MVP and how do you scope one?
An MVP is the smallest thing we can build that lets us test our most important assumption with real users and learn from their behaviour. The key word is learning, not ch...
Q23. How does an orchestration tool like Airflow schedule data pipelines?
Airflow models a workflow as a DAG: a directed acyclic graph of tasks with dependencies. A scheduler parses DAG files, creates DAG runs per schedule interval, and queues ...
Q24. How do pipes and redirection work?
Every process has three standard streams: stdin (0), stdout (1) and stderr (2). Redirection connects them to files or other processes. ```bash cmd > out.log # stdout to f...
Q25. What is the difference between batch and stream processing?
Batch processing handles bounded datasets on a schedule. It is simple, high-throughput and easy to reprocess, but results are delayed by the batch interval. Examples incl...
Q26. What is the difference between Redis Pub/Sub and Streams?
Pub/Sub is fire-and-forget messaging. Publishers send to a channel and subscribers receive in real time, but messages are not stored. An offline subscriber misses them, a...
Q27. How does the saga pattern handle distributed transactions?
A saga replaces a single ACID transaction across services with a sequence of local transactions, each publishing an event or invoking the next step. If a step fails, prev...
Q28. How do generics and constraints work in C#?
Generics let you write type-safe, reusable code without boxing or casts. The type parameter is resolved at compile time, and the JIT specialises for value types while sha...
Q29. What is structural typing and how does it differ from nominal typing?
TypeScript is structurally typed: compatibility is decided by the shape of a value, not by its declared name. If it has the required members, it is assignable. ```ts inte...
Q30. How would you redesign a course for online delivery?
I start from the learning outcomes and the constraints, not from the technology. First I map which outcomes can be achieved online and which need synchronous or practical...