Q1. What is a blue/green deployment?
Blue/green is a deployment strategy with two identical environments. Blue runs the current version, and green runs the new version. Process: 1. Deploy the new release to ...
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Q2. What is the difference between continuous delivery and continuous deployment?
Both build on continuous integration, but they differ in what reaches production. - Continuous delivery: every change that passes automated tests is always in a deployabl...
Q3. How do you design a CI/CD pipeline?
Stages: 1. Trigger on push or pull request. 2. Build: compile, install dependencies, produce an immutable artefact (container image) tagged with the commit SHA. 3. Static...
Q4. How do you design a CI/CD pipeline for a microservices application?
Optimise for independent, fast, and safe delivery per service. - Per-service pipelines: each repository builds, tests, and deploys its own service, avoiding a monolith pi...
Q5. What are build artefacts and why version them?
A build artefact is the immutable output of a build: a container image, JAR, binary, or package. Versioning means each artefact has a unique, traceable identifier. Why: -...
Q6. Explain canary deployments.
A canary releases the new version to a small slice of traffic before a full rollout. Process: 1. Deploy the new version alongside the stable one. 2. Route a small percent...
Q7. How do you implement safe rollbacks in a delivery pipeline?
Make rollback a first-class, automated, and tested operation. - Immutable artefacts: deploy versioned images or packages so you can redeploy the previous one exactly. - D...
Q8. How do you secure a CI/CD pipeline?
Treat the pipeline as production infrastructure with its own threat model. - Secrets: never hardcode them. Use a secrets manager or OIDC federation so the pipeline gets s...
Q9. What is the difference between a pipeline stage and a job?
Stages and jobs structure a pipeline into ordered, parallelisable work. - Stage: a logical phase such as build, test, or deploy. Stages run in order, and a later stage st...