Q1. What is a dead-letter queue and when should you use one?
A dead-letter queue (DLQ) is a separate queue that receives messages a consumer cannot process after exhausting retries. It prevents one poison message from blocking a pa...
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Q2. Explain liveness, readiness, and startup probes.
Probes let Kubernetes decide a container's health and readiness. - readinessProbe: whether the Pod should receive traffic. Failing it removes the Pod from Service endpoin...
Q3. How do you implement safe rollbacks in a delivery pipeline?
Make rollback a first-class, automated, and tested operation. - Immutable artefacts: deploy versioned images or packages so you can redeploy the previous one exactly. - D...
Q4. What are flaky tests and how do you fix them?
A flaky test passes and fails on the same code. Flakiness is corrosive because teams start ignoring failures, which hides real regressions. Common causes: - Timing and as...
Q5. What does idempotency mean in data pipelines and why does it matter?
An idempotent operation produces the same result whether it runs once or many times. Pipelines retry on failure, run backfills and get replayed, so non-idempotent logic c...
Q6. How would you write a robust, idempotent automation script?
A production script should be safe to re-run, fail clearly and clean up after itself. ```bash #!/usr/bin/env bash set -euo pipefail workdir=$(mktemp -d) cleanup() { rm -r...
Q7. What is the transactional outbox pattern and why is it needed?
A service often must both change its database and publish an event. Writing to the database and then to the broker is a dual write: a crash between the two loses the even...