Q1. What is a Kubernetes Pod?
A Pod is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes. It represents one or more containers that run together on the same node and share a network namespace, IP address, an...
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Q2. Explain the difference between a Deployment and a StatefulSet.
Both manage Pods, but they make different guarantees. Deployment: - Manages stateless, interchangeable replicas identified by a random suffix. - Supports rolling updates ...
Q3. How does Kubernetes service discovery work?
Kubernetes gives stable access to moving Pods through Services and DNS. - A Service selects Pods by label and gets a stable virtual IP, the ClusterIP, and a DNS name. - k...
Q4. What is service discovery and why is it needed?
In a dynamic environment, service instances start, stop and move, so callers cannot rely on fixed hostnames. Service discovery maintains a registry of healthy instances a...
Q5. What is the difference between a Service and an Ingress?
A Service exposes a set of Pods at the transport layer; an Ingress exposes HTTP and HTTPS routes into the cluster at the application layer. - Service: stable virtual IP a...
Q6. Explain liveness, readiness, and startup probes.
Probes let Kubernetes decide a container's health and readiness. - readinessProbe: whether the Pod should receive traffic. Failing it removes the Pod from Service endpoin...
Q7. How do you secure a Kubernetes or cloud deployment?
Defence in depth: - Identity: least-privilege IAM roles, workload identity, no long-lived static keys, and RBAC scoped per namespace. - Network: private subnets, security...
Q8. How does the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler work?
The Horizontal Pod Autoscaler, or HPA, scales the number of Pod replicas based on observed metrics. - The metrics-server, or a custom or external adapter, supplies metric...
Q9. How do you troubleshoot a Pod stuck in CrashLoopBackOff?
CrashLoopBackOff means the container starts, exits, and Kubernetes restarts it with exponential backoff. 1. Get the state and previous logs. ```bash kubectl get pod web-1...
Q10. How do you design a highly available GKE cluster?
Plan for node, zone, and control-plane failures. - Regional cluster: the control plane is replicated across three zones and nodes spread across zones, so a single zone ou...