Q1. What is the difference between value types and reference types?
Value types store their data directly and are copied on assignment. Reference types store a reference to heap data, and copying copies the reference. - Value types: numer...
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Q2. What is the difference between a pointer and a reference?
A pointer is a variable that stores an address. It can be null, reassigned and used with pointer arithmetic. A reference is an alias for an existing object: it must be in...
Q3. What is ownership in Rust and why does the language need it?
Ownership is Rust's compile-time memory management model. Every value has exactly one owner, and when the owner goes out of scope the value is dropped and its memory free...
Q4. How do slices differ from arrays in Go?
An array has a fixed length that is part of its type: `[4]int` and `[5]int` are different types, and copying an array copies all elements. A slice is a small descriptor w...
Q5. How do stack and heap allocation differ in C++?
The stack is a LIFO region managed automatically: allocation is a pointer bump, extremely fast, and memory is reclaimed when the scope ends. The heap is a large pool mana...
Q6. What is the difference between new and make in Go?
`new(T)` allocates zeroed memory for a value of type T and returns a pointer `*T`. It works for any type and is rarely used. `make` only works for slices, maps and channe...
Q7. What is a generator and when should you use one?
A generator is a function that yields values lazily using yield. Calling it returns a generator object that produces items on demand and remembers its position, so memory...
Q8. What are the main responsibilities of an operating system?
An operating system manages hardware and provides abstractions so programs do not talk to devices directly. Its main responsibilities are: - Process management: create, s...
Q9. Explain ARC and how retain cycles happen.
Swift uses Automatic Reference Counting: each class instance has a reference count and is deallocated when the count reaches zero. ARC is deterministic, unlike a tracing ...
Q10. How does the Java memory model and garbage collection work?
Memory is divided into heap (shared objects) and per-thread stacks (frames, locals). The heap has a young generation (Eden plus two survivor spaces) and an old generation...