Q1. What are optionals and how do you safely unwrap them?
An optional represents a value that may be absent: either `.some(value)` or `.none`, written `nil`. Non-optional types can never be nil, and the compiler forces you to un...
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Q2. What are closures and how do capture lists work?
A closure is a self-contained block of functionality that can be passed around and captures values from its surrounding context. Functions are a special case of closures....
Q3. What is an MVP and how do you scope one?
An MVP is the smallest thing we can build that lets us test our most important assumption with real users and learn from their behaviour. The key word is learning, not ch...
Q4. Compare static and dynamic typing.
Static typing checks types at compile time. Every variable and expression has a type known before the program runs, so many errors are caught early, tooling can autocompl...
Q5. What is structural typing and how does it differ from nominal typing?
TypeScript is structurally typed: compatibility is decided by the shape of a value, not by its declared name. If it has the required members, it is assignable. ```ts inte...
Q6. What is output escaping and why is it important?
Output escaping encodes user-controlled data at the moment it is written into HTML so browsers treat it as text, not markup. This is the primary defence against XSS. ```p...
Q7. How do you troubleshoot a network problem methodically?
Network troubleshooting is easier when you reason up the layers and use the right tool at each step. - `ping` checks reachability and round-trip time using ICMP and revea...