Q61. How do you protect a GraphQL endpoint from abusive queries?
Because clients can compose arbitrarily deep and wide queries, a single request can exhaust the database. Defences: - Limit query depth, for example reject anything deepe...
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Q62. How do the different Next.js caches and revalidation layers work?
Next.js has several cache layers. The Data Cache stores individual fetch results and can be tagged. The Full Route Cache stores rendered HTML and RSC payloads for static ...
Q63. How do Vue flush timing and the scheduler affect watchers?
Vue 3 batches reactive updates with a scheduler. When trigger fires, the affected render effects and watchers are queued and flushed in a microtask, so several synchronou...
Q64. When should you use find -exec versus xargs, and how do you handle odd filenames?
Both run a command for many files, but they differ in safety and performance. ```bash find . -name '*.tmp' -exec rm -- {} + # batches, handles spaces find . -name '*.tmp'...
Q65. How does Ruby resolve a method call through the ancestor chain?
Ruby resolves a call by walking the receiver's singleton class, then the class, then included modules and superclasses, in order. `Module#ancestors` prints the chain. ```...
Q66. How do async/await, tasks and actors support structured concurrency?
Swift's structured concurrency builds on `async`/`await`, `Task` and `TaskGroup`. An `async` function can suspend without blocking a thread, and `await` marks a potential...
Q67. How does structured concurrency and cancellation work with coroutines?
A coroutine is cooperative: cancellation sets a flag that the coroutine must observe. Suspend functions from `kotlinx.coroutines` check automatically and throw `Cancellat...
Q68. How does the .NET garbage collector work, including generations and the LOH?
.NET uses a generational, compacting, tracing collector. New objects go to generation 0. Survivors are promoted to gen 1 then gen 2. Gen 0 collections are frequent and ch...
Q69. How do templates, specialization and concepts work?
Templates parameterise code by type and are instantiated at compile time, giving zero-cost abstraction. ```cpp template T maxOf(T a, T b) { return a > b ? a : b; } templa...
Q70. When would you use Rc, Arc, RefCell or Mutex?
Ownership allows one owner, but graphs and shared state need more. Rust pushes the choice into types. - `Rc`: single-threaded reference counting. `clone` increments a cou...