Q131. Walk through the TCP three-way handshake and connection teardown.
TCP opens a connection with a three-way handshake so both sides agree on initial sequence numbers and confirm they can send and receive. 1. Client sends SYN with its init...
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Q132. What is regularization and how do L1 and L2 differ?
Regularization adds a penalty on model complexity to the loss, discouraging large weights and reducing overfitting. L2 (ridge) adds the sum of squared weights. It shrinks...
Q133. What are replica sets and how do they provide high availability?
A replica set is a group of nodes holding the same data: one primary and two or more secondaries. All writes go to the primary. Secondaries replicate the oplog and can se...
Q134. How do you diagnose disk I/O issues on Linux?
Measure latency and utilisation, then find the culprit. 1. Space versus inodes: use df -h and df -i. A full inode table also breaks writes. 2. Utilisation and latency: ``...
Q135. How do you design for high availability across Azure availability zones and regions?
Start with RTO and RPO, then choose a topology. - Within a region, distribute workloads across availability zones, which are physically separate datacentres. Use zone-red...
Q136. What are cache penetration, breakdown and avalanche?
Three classic failure modes, often confused: - Penetration: requests for keys that do not exist always miss the cache and hit the database. Attackers can exploit this wit...
Q137. How do variables, $?, $@ and $* behave?
Shell variables hold strings and have no strict typing. `$?` is the exit status of the last command, where 0 means success. ```bash greeting="hello" echo "${greeting} wor...
Q138. How does Rails follow MVC and convention over configuration?
Rails is an MVC framework: a request hits the router, maps to a controller action, the controller works with models, and renders a view. Models use ActiveRecord for the d...
Q139. How do higher-order functions and inline functions work?
A higher-order function takes a function as a parameter or returns one. Functions are first-class values with types like `(Int) -> Int`. ```kotlin fun List.myFilter(predi...
Q140. How do Option, Result and the question mark operator work?
`Option` models presence with `Some` and `None`, replacing null. `Result` models success or failure with `Ok` and `Err`, and is how Rust does recoverable errors. ```rust ...