Q1. How do you find which process is using a port on Linux?
Use ss, lsof, or fuser depending on what is installed. ```bash sudo ss -ltnp | grep ':8080' sudo lsof -i :8080 sudo fuser -n tcp 8080 ``` - ss -ltnp lists listening TCP s...
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Q2. Explain Linux file permissions and chmod.
Linux permissions have three classes (user, group, other) and three bits each: read (4), write (2), and execute (1). - ls -l shows them as rwxr-xr--. The leading characte...
Q3. How does systemd manage services?
systemd is the init system on most modern distributions. It starts services and manages dependencies, logging, and lifecycle. - Units describe resources: .service, .socke...
Q4. What is the difference between a hard link and a symbolic link?
Both point to files, but at different levels. - Hard link: another directory entry for the same inode. The file data is shared, and the link count increases. Deleting one...
Q5. How do you troubleshoot high CPU or memory usage on Linux?
Identify the consumer before acting. CPU: ```bash top -o %CPU uptime # load average pidstat 1 5 # per-process CPU perf top # hot functions ``` Check load average against ...
Q6. How does the Linux boot process work?
The boot sequence moves from firmware to the kernel and then to userspace. 1. Firmware, BIOS or UEFI, runs POST and then loads the bootloader from disk or network. 2. GRU...
Q7. How do you diagnose disk I/O issues on Linux?
Measure latency and utilisation, then find the culprit. 1. Space versus inodes: use df -h and df -i. A full inode table also breaks writes. 2. Utilisation and latency: ``...
Q8. How do you schedule recurring tasks with cron and what are common pitfalls?
cron runs commands on a schedule defined by five time fields: minute, hour, day of month, month and day of week. ```bash # m h dom mon dow command 30 2 * * * /usr/local/b...