Q1. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
TCP and UDP are transport-layer protocols with opposite trade-offs. TCP is connection-oriented. It sets up a connection with a three-way handshake, numbers every segment,...
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Q2. Compare the OSI model and the TCP/IP model.
The OSI model is a seven-layer reference model: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and Application. The TCP/IP model as taught is four layers:...
Q3. Walk through the TCP three-way handshake and connection teardown.
TCP opens a connection with a three-way handshake so both sides agree on initial sequence numbers and confirm they can send and receive. 1. Client sends SYN with its init...
Q4. How do you troubleshoot a network problem methodically?
Network troubleshooting is easier when you reason up the layers and use the right tool at each step. - `ping` checks reachability and round-trip time using ICMP and revea...
Q5. Explain TCP congestion control.
TCP congestion control keeps the sender from overwhelming the network. The sender maintains a congestion window, cwnd, and sends at most the minimum of cwnd and the recei...