Q171. What are ConfigMaps and Secrets?
Both decouple configuration from container images, but they differ in intent and handling. - ConfigMap: non-sensitive key-value data or files. Consume it as environment v...
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Q172. How do you keep a cache consistent with the database?
Perfect consistency is not achievable without giving up caching; aim for bounded staleness and correct behavior. Practical rules: - On write, commit to the database first...
Q173. How do you decide where to draw service boundaries?
Boundaries should follow the business domain, not technical layers. Techniques: - Domain-Driven Design bounded contexts: each context has its own model and ubiquitous lan...
Q174. How do the different Next.js caches and revalidation layers work?
Next.js has several cache layers. The Data Cache stores individual fetch results and can be tagged. The Full Route Cache stores rendered HTML and RSC payloads for static ...
Q175. How does structured concurrency and cancellation work with coroutines?
A coroutine is cooperative: cancellation sets a flag that the coroutine must observe. Suspend functions from `kotlinx.coroutines` check automatically and throw `Cancellat...
Q176. How does the .NET garbage collector work, including generations and the LOH?
.NET uses a generational, compacting, tracing collector. New objects go to generation 0. Survivors are promoted to gen 1 then gen 2. Gen 0 collections are frequent and ch...
Q177. When would you use Rc, Arc, RefCell or Mutex?
Ownership allows one owner, but graphs and shared state need more. Rust pushes the choice into types. - `Rc`: single-threaded reference counting. `clone` increments a cou...
Q178. What is the context package used for and how do you use it correctly?
`context.Context` carries deadlines, cancellation signals and request-scoped values across API boundaries and goroutines. It is how cancellation and timeouts propagate th...
Q179. Write unit tests for a pricing function.
Given a pricing function, write focused tests with JUnit and AssertJ. ```java class PriceCalculator { BigDecimal finalPrice(BigDecimal base, int qty, boolean member) { if...
Q180. Compare ahead-of-time and just-in-time compilation.
Ahead-of-time, AOT, compilation translates the program to machine code before it runs, producing a native binary. Startup is fast, memory overhead is predictable and ther...