Q1. What is the difference between a process and a thread?
A process is a running program with its own virtual address space, code, data, heap, open file descriptors and at least one thread. The operating system isolates processe...
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Q2. How does async/await work in C#?
`async`/`await` enables asynchronous programming without blocking a thread. Marking a method `async` lets you `await` a `Task` or `Task`, and the compiler rewrites the me...
Q3. What is a goroutine and how does it differ from an OS thread?
A goroutine is a function running concurrently, scheduled by the Go runtime rather than directly by the operating system. - Cost: goroutines start with a small growable s...
Q4. What is the GIL and how does it affect concurrency?
The Global Interpreter Lock is a mutex in CPython that allows only one thread to execute Python bytecode at a time. Consequences: - CPU-bound multithreading does not get ...
Q5. How do you implement a distributed lock with Redis?
A common implementation is SET key value NX PX ttl. NX sets the key only if it does not exist, and PX gives the lock an expiry so a crashed holder cannot deadlock the sys...
Q6. When should you use a buffered channel versus an unbuffered one?
Channels are typed conduits for goroutine communication. Direction matters: `chan T`, `
Q7. What causes a deadlock and how do you prevent it?
A deadlock needs four conditions: mutual exclusion, hold-and-wait, no preemption and circular wait. Classic case: thread A locks X then waits for Y while thread B locks Y...
Q8. What is a deadlock and how do you prevent it?
A deadlock is a set of threads each waiting for a resource held by another, so none can proceed. Four Coffman conditions must all hold: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, n...
Q9. Compare the SQL transaction isolation levels.
SQL defines four isolation levels that trade consistency against concurrency. They are usually described by which anomalies they permit. - Read uncommitted: dirty reads a...
Q10. How do async/await, tasks and actors support structured concurrency?
Swift's structured concurrency builds on `async`/`await`, `Task` and `TaskGroup`. An `async` function can suspend without blocking a thread, and `await` marks a potential...