Q11. What is partitioning and why does it matter for big data?
Partitioning splits a large dataset into smaller physical chunks so queries and maintenance target only relevant data. Common strategies are range (by date), list (by reg...
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Q12. What is the N+1 problem in GraphQL and how do you solve it?
Resolvers run per field. If a list resolver returns N items and a child field resolver loads related data one item at a time, you get one query for the list plus N querie...
Q13. How does data fetching and caching work in the App Router?
You fetch inside async Server Components using the extended fetch: ```ts const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts', { next: { revalidate: 60, tags: ['posts'...
Q14. Which is NOT a valid SQL command: SELECT, REMOVE, UPDATE, INSERT?
**REMOVE** is not valid. To delete rows, use `DELETE`. `DROP` removes objects (tables, databases). | Command | Purpose | |---------|---------| | SELECT | Read data | | IN...
Q15. How do you measure whether learning outcomes were achieved?
I decide what evidence would prove the objective was met, then collect it in more than one way. Direct measures include a task, quiz or performance rubric aligned to the ...
Q16. How does an orchestration tool like Airflow schedule data pipelines?
Airflow models a workflow as a DAG: a directed acyclic graph of tasks with dependencies. A scheduler parses DAG files, creates DAG runs per schedule interval, and queues ...
Q17. What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL and when do you choose each?
SQL (relational): rigid schema, ACID transactions, powerful joins and ad-hoc queries, mature tooling. Excel at structured, relational data with integrity requirements suc...
Q18. What is MySQL, and how does it differ from SQL?
**SQL** is the *language* (like English). **MySQL** is a *database system* that *speaks* SQL (like a person who speaks English). Analogy: SQL is the recipe; MySQL is the ...
Q19. What is the difference between batch and stream processing?
Batch processing handles bounded datasets on a schedule. It is simple, high-throughput and easy to reprocess, but results are delayed by the batch interval. Examples incl...
Q20. What is PL/SQL, and how is it different from SQL?
**PL/SQL** = Procedural Language extensions to SQL (Oracle-specific). It adds variables, loops, IF-ELSE, and exception handling. | SQL | PL/SQL | |-----|--------| | Singl...