Q11. Explain virtual memory and paging.
Virtual memory gives each process the illusion of a large, contiguous address space, independent of physical RAM. The CPU's memory management unit translates virtual addr...
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Q12. How do you troubleshoot high CPU or memory usage on Linux?
Identify the consumer before acting. CPU: ```bash top -o %CPU uptime # load average pidstat 1 5 # per-process CPU perf top # hot functions ``` Check load average against ...
Q13. When should you use unique_ptr, shared_ptr or weak_ptr?
Raw `new` and `delete` are error-prone, so C++11 introduced smart pointers in `` that express ownership. - `std::unique_ptr`: exclusive ownership, cannot be copied, is mo...
Q14. How does Python memory management work?
CPython combines: - Reference counting for immediate reclamation. Every object tracks how many references point to it; when the count hits zero it is freed. - A cyclic ga...
Q15. What is thrashing and how do you deal with it?
Thrashing is when a system spends more time paging than doing useful work. It happens when the total working set of active processes exceeds physical memory, so pages are...
Q16. How memory is managed in Python?
Python memory is managed by Python private heap space. All Python objects and data structures are located in a private heap. The programmer does not have an access to thi...
Q17. How is memory managed in Python?
Memory management in Python involves a private heap containing all Python objects and data structures. Interpreter takes care of Python heap and the programmer has no acc...
Q18. Why is not all memory freed when Python exits?
Objects referenced from the global namespaces of Python modules are not always deallocated when Python exits. This may happen if there are circular references. There are...
Q19. Whenever Python exits, why isn't all the memory de-allocated?
Whenever Python exits, especially those Python modules which are having circular references to other objects or the objects that are referenced from the global namespaces...
Q20. How Does Python Handle Memory Management?
Python uses private heaps to maintain its memory. So the heap holds all the Python objects and the data structures. This area is only accessible to the Python interpreter...