Q11. What is partitioning and why does it matter for big data?
Partitioning splits a large dataset into smaller physical chunks so queries and maintenance target only relevant data. Common strategies are range (by date), list (by reg...
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Q12. What is INP and how do you reduce it?
Interaction to Next Paint measures the time from a user interaction such as a click, tap or key press until the browser paints the next frame, across the whole visit, rep...
Q13. When should you use the OnPush change detection strategy?
With the default strategy Angular checks a component on every change-detection run triggered by any event, timer or XHR inside the zone. ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush te...
Q14. How do you troubleshoot high CPU or memory usage on Linux?
Identify the consumer before acting. CPU: ```bash top -o %CPU uptime # load average pidstat 1 5 # per-process CPU perf top # hot functions ``` Check load average against ...
Q15. What is the critical rendering path and how do you optimise it?
The critical rendering path is the sequence the browser follows to turn HTML, CSS and JavaScript into pixels: parse HTML into the DOM, parse CSS into the CSSOM, combine t...
Q16. List vs dictionary comprehension performance and readability.
Comprehensions are typically faster than an equivalent for-loop with append because the iteration runs in optimised bytecode without repeated method lookups. ```python sq...
Q17. How would you design pagination for a large collection?
Two main approaches: - Offset pagination: `GET /items?limit=20&offset=40`. Simple and allows jumping to a page, but degrades as offsets grow because the database must sca...
Q18. How do lazy loading and code splitting improve performance?
Lazy loading defers work until it is needed. For images, loading="lazy" and decoding="async" defer off-screen loads, but never lazy-load the LCP image because it delays t...
Q19. What happens during a context switch and why is it expensive?
A context switch is the act of saving the state of one thread or process and restoring another so execution can resume later. The kernel saves the program counter, regist...
Q20. How do you diagnose disk I/O issues on Linux?
Measure latency and utilisation, then find the culprit. 1. Space versus inodes: use df -h and df -i. A full inode table also breaks writes. 2. Utilisation and latency: ``...