Q31. What is the difference between a queue, pub/sub and a stream?
- Queue: point-to-point. Each message is delivered to exactly one consumer from a pool, which is ideal for task distribution and load balancing. - Publish/subscribe: a me...
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Q32. What are microservices compared with a monolith?
A microservice architecture structures an application as a set of small, independently deployable services, each built around a business capability, owning its own data s...
Q33. How does GraphQL differ from REST?
GraphQL exposes a single endpoint and a typed schema rather than many resource URLs. The client sends a query describing exactly the fields it needs, so it avoids the ove...
Q34. What is idempotency and which HTTP methods are idempotent?
An operation is idempotent when performing it multiple times produces the same server state as performing it once. - GET, HEAD, PUT and DELETE are idempotent by HTTP sema...
Q35. What does a bundler do and why do front-end projects need one?
Browsers can load ES modules, but a large app would issue hundreds of requests, and TypeScript, JSX, CSS and assets all need processing. A bundler takes an entry point, f...
Q36. What are the four WCAG principles and the conformance levels?
WCAG is organised around four principles known as POUR. Perceivable means information must be available to the senses, for example text alternatives for images, captions ...
Q37. What are Core Web Vitals and what thresholds define a good experience?
Core Web Vitals are user-centric metrics for loading, interactivity and visual stability. LCP, Largest Contentful Paint, measures when the largest visible element, usuall...
Q38. What is utility-first CSS and what are its benefits?
Utility-first means composing small, single-purpose classes directly in markup instead of writing semantic class names and separate stylesheets. In Tailwind, a class list...
Q39. How does the Svelte compiler implement reactivity?
Svelte is a compiler, not a runtime framework. At build time it parses components and turns reactive statements into precise DOM update instructions. In Svelte 3 and 4, l...
Q40. Explain SSR, SSG, ISR and CSR in Next.js.
These describe when HTML is produced. CSR ships a minimal shell plus a JS bundle; the browser fetches data and renders, so first paint is slower and SEO weaker, but navig...