Q591. What is data leakage in machine learning?
Data leakage is when information unavailable at prediction time seeps into training, producing optimistic validation scores that collapse in production. Common sources: -...
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Q592. What is the medallion architecture?
The medallion architecture organizes a lakehouse into three refinement layers. - Bronze (raw): data landed as-is from sources, append-only, with ingestion metadata. It is...
Q593. How do you handle hot keys in a distributed cache?
A hot key is accessed so frequently that a single cache node or partition becomes a bottleneck. Keys are distributed by consistent hashing, but one key always maps to one...
Q594. How do you revoke a JWT before it expires?
A stateless JWT cannot be un-issued, so revocation needs supporting state. Options: - Denylist: store revoked token identifiers (`jti`) until their `exp`, and check on ea...
Q595. How does Kafka provide exactly-once semantics?
Kafka combines two features: - Idempotent producer: each producer gets a producer id and sequence numbers. The broker deduplicates retries within a session, so a network ...
Q596. How does the CAP theorem affect microservice design?
CAP states that during a network partition a distributed system must choose between consistency (every read sees the latest write) and availability (every request gets a ...
Q597. When is REST the wrong choice, and what would you use instead?
REST excels at resource-oriented CRUD with cacheable, uniform interfaces and a broad tool ecosystem. It becomes awkward when: - The domain is action-oriented or RPC-like,...
Q598. What is Next.js?
**Next.js** is an open-source React framework developed and maintained by Vercel that enables developers to build high-performance, full-stack web applications. ### Core ...
Q599. What is Vue.js?
**Vue.js** is an open-source, progressive Javascript framework for building user interfaces that aim to be incrementally adoptable. The core library of VueJS is focused o...
Q600. Which SQL statement extracts data?
`SELECT`. Optional clauses: `WHERE`, `GROUP BY`, `HAVING`, `ORDER BY`, `LIMIT`, `JOIN`. ```sql SELECT name AS full_name, salary * 12 AS annual_salary FROM employees WHERE...