Q1. What are the four pillars of object-oriented programming?
Object-oriented programming rests on four pillars: - Encapsulation: keep state private and expose behaviour through methods, so invariants cannot be broken from outside. ...
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Q2. What is polymorphism and what forms does it take?
Polymorphism lets one interface be used by many implementations, so callers depend on a contract rather than a concrete type. Subtype or runtime polymorphism: a base refe...
Q3. How do virtual functions, vtables and virtual destructors work?
A `virtual` function enables runtime polymorphism. Each polymorphic class gets a vtable of function pointers and each object stores a hidden vptr. A call through a base p...
Q4. What is the difference between overloading and overriding?
Overloading and overriding are different mechanisms that are often confused because both involve the same method name. Overloading is compile-time polymorphism: several m...