Q21. How do you secure a CI/CD pipeline?
Treat the pipeline as production infrastructure with its own threat model. - Secrets: never hardcode them. Use a secrets manager or OIDC federation so the pipeline gets s...
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Q22. Explain the circuit breaker pattern.
A circuit breaker stops a caller from hammering a failing dependency. It tracks failures and moves between three states: - Closed: calls pass through while failures stay ...
Q23. Tell me about a product decision you made with incomplete data.
Waiting for perfect data is itself a decision, usually a costly one. I aim for the best decision available with the evidence I have. First I ask what is reversible. If th...
Q24. What are flaky tests and how do you fix them?
A flaky test passes and fails on the same code. Flakiness is corrosive because teams start ignoring failures, which hides real regressions. Common causes: - Timing and as...
Q25. What is the difference between a pipeline stage and a job?
Stages and jobs structure a pipeline into ordered, parallelisable work. - Stage: a logical phase such as build, test, or deploy. Stages run in order, and a later stage st...
Q26. What is output escaping and why is it important?
Output escaping encodes user-controlled data at the moment it is written into HTML so browsers treat it as text, not markup. This is the primary defence against XSS. ```p...
Q27. How do you assess whether a company is financially healthy?
I look at profitability, liquidity, leverage and cash generation together, because any single ratio can mislead. Profitability: gross and net margin, and the trend over s...
Q28. What does observability mean for a microservices system?
With many services and network hops, you cannot debug from a single log file. Observability rests on three pillars plus correlation: - Structured logs: JSON with consiste...
Q29. Valid properties of a transaction?
The four foundational properties that guarantee database transactions are processed reliably are known as **ACID**: 1. **Atomicity**: "All or nothing." If any statement w...