Q31. What is the difference between HTTP 401 and 403?
401 Unauthorized means the request lacks valid authentication credentials. The client should authenticate and retry, and the response should include a `WWW-Authenticate` ...
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Q32. How do you improve Largest Contentful Paint?
LCP is dominated by four factors: time to first byte, resource load time, render-blocking resources and client-side rendering delay. First ensure fast TTFB with caching, ...
Q33. What is the difference between the Options API and the Composition API in Vue 3?
The Options API organises component logic into fixed options such as data, methods, computed, watch and lifecycle hooks. The Composition API organises the same logic insi...
Q34. How do file permissions and chmod work?
Every file has permissions for owner, group and others, each with read (4), write (2) and execute (1). `chmod` changes them in symbolic or octal form. ```bash chmod 644 n...
Q35. What do attr_reader, attr_writer and attr_accessor do?
Ruby encapsulates instance variables such as `@name`, which are private by default. `attr_reader`, `attr_writer` and `attr_accessor` are class macros that define getter a...
Q36. What is the difference between new and make in Go?
`new(T)` allocates zeroed memory for a value of type T and returns a pointer `*T`. It works for any type and is rarely used. `make` only works for slices, maps and channe...
Q37. In how many ways can the letters of the word "LEVEL" be arranged?
The word LEVEL has 5 letters with repeats: L appears 2 times, E appears 2 times, V appears once. Total arrangements = 5! / (2! x 2!) = 120 / 4 = 30. Approach: start with ...
Q38. How do you design a CI/CD pipeline?
Stages: 1. Trigger on push or pull request. 2. Build: compile, install dependencies, produce an immutable artefact (container image) tagged with the commit SHA. 3. Static...
Q39. Compare ArrayList, LinkedList and HashMap.
- ArrayList: array-backed, O(1) random access, amortised O(1) append, O(n) insertion/removal in the middle. Best default for ordered lists. - LinkedList: doubly linked, O...
Q40. How do you prevent SQL injection in PHP?
Never concatenate user input into SQL. Use prepared statements with bound parameters, which separate code from data. ```php $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHE...