Q1. What is the difference between an S3 bucket policy and an IAM policy?
Both are JSON documents that grant permissions, but they attach to different things. - IAM policies are attached to identities (users, groups, roles) and define what thos...
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Q2. What is the difference between a security group and a network ACL?
Both control traffic in a VPC, but at different layers. - Security groups are stateful and attached to ENIs or instances. Return traffic is automatically allowed. Rules a...
Q3. When would you choose S3 over EBS?
Choose S3 when you need durable, virtually unlimited object storage accessible over HTTP from anywhere. Choose EBS when you need a block device attached to a single EC2 i...
Q4. What is the difference between an Application Load Balancer and a Network Load Balancer?
Both are Elastic Load Balancers, but they operate at different OSI layers. - Application Load Balancer (layer 7) understands HTTP and HTTPS, supports host and path-based ...
Q5. How does IAM role assumption work?
A role is an identity with permission policies but no permanent credentials. A trusted principal calls AWS STS AssumeRole and receives temporary credentials. Flow: 1. The...
Q6. What is the difference between SQS and SNS?
SQS is a queue; SNS is a publish and subscribe topic. They solve different problems and are often combined. - SQS is point-to-point. A message is stored until a consumer ...
Q7. Explain S3 storage classes and lifecycle policies.
S3 storage classes trade retrieval cost and latency against storage cost. - S3 Standard is for frequent access with low latency. - S3 Intelligent-Tiering automatically mo...
Q8. How do you design a multi-region failover architecture on AWS?
Design around an RTO and RPO first; they determine active-active versus active-passive. - DNS and traffic: Route 53 health checks with failover or latency routing, plus G...
Q9. How would you troubleshoot high latency from an EC2 instance?
Work from the outside in and use metrics before guessing. 1. Confirm scope: is it the instance, the network, the application, or a dependency? Check CloudWatch CPU, netwo...
Q10. What is the difference between EC2 instance store and EBS?
Both provide block storage to EC2, but with different durability and lifecycle. - Instance store is physically attached NVMe or SSD storage on the host. It offers very hi...