Q1. What are the four pillars of object-oriented programming?
Object-oriented programming rests on four pillars: - Encapsulation: keep state private and expose behaviour through methods, so invariants cannot be broken from outside. ...
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Q2. What do attr_reader, attr_writer and attr_accessor do?
Ruby encapsulates instance variables such as `@name`, which are private by default. `attr_reader`, `attr_writer` and `attr_accessor` are class macros that define getter a...
Q3. What is the CAP theorem and how does it guide decisions?
A distributed store can guarantee only two of three during a network partition: Consistency (every read sees the latest write), Availability (every request gets a non-err...
Q4. What is working capital and why does it matter?
Working capital is current assets minus current liabilities. It measures the short term liquidity available to run day to day operations. Current assets include cash, rec...
Q5. What is encapsulation and why does it matter?
Encapsulation means bundling data with the operations that act on it and restricting direct access to the internals. The class exposes a deliberate public API and keeps f...
Q6. What are closures and how do capture lists work?
A closure is a self-contained block of functionality that can be passed around and captures values from its surrounding context. Functions are a special case of closures....
Q7. What is a property and how does it differ from a field?
A field is a variable declared directly in a class. A property is a member with `get` and `set` accessors that looks like a field to callers but runs code, enabling valid...
Q8. What is output escaping and why is it important?
Output escaping encodes user-controlled data at the moment it is written into HTML so browsers treat it as text, not markup. This is the primary defence against XSS. ```p...
Q9. How does the CAP theorem affect microservice design?
CAP states that during a network partition a distributed system must choose between consistency (every read sees the latest write) and availability (every request gets a ...