Q411. How do you troubleshoot a Pod stuck in CrashLoopBackOff?
CrashLoopBackOff means the container starts, exits, and Kubernetes restarts it with exponential backoff. 1. Get the state and previous logs. ```bash kubectl get pod web-1...
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Q412. What is the difference between CMD and ENTRYPOINT?
Both define what runs when a container starts, but they behave differently. - ENTRYPOINT sets the executable. It is hard to override and defines the container's purpose. ...
Q413. How do you design a highly available GKE cluster?
Plan for node, zone, and control-plane failures. - Regional cluster: the control plane is replicated across three zones and nodes spread across zones, so a single zone ou...
Q414. How do you design for high availability across Azure availability zones and regions?
Start with RTO and RPO, then choose a topology. - Within a region, distribute workloads across availability zones, which are physically separate datacentres. Use zone-red...
Q415. Explain S3 storage classes and lifecycle policies.
S3 storage classes trade retrieval cost and latency against storage cost. - S3 Standard is for frequent access with low latency. - S3 Intelligent-Tiering automatically mo...
Q416. What are cache penetration, breakdown and avalanche?
Three classic failure modes, often confused: - Penetration: requests for keys that do not exist always miss the cache and hit the database. Attackers can exploit this wit...
Q417. What is the difference between an access token and a refresh token?
An access token is short-lived, typically minutes, and is presented to APIs to authorize requests. If it leaks, the exposure window is small. It is usually a JWT so resou...
Q418. How do you deal with consumer lag and backpressure?
Consumer lag is the gap between the latest produced offset and the committed offset. Rising lag means producers outpace consumers, and left unchecked it grows unbounded a...
Q419. Explain the circuit breaker pattern.
A circuit breaker stops a caller from hammering a failing dependency. It tracks failures and moves between three states: - Closed: calls pass through while failures stay ...
Q420. How does error handling work in GraphQL?
GraphQL usually returns HTTP 200 with a JSON body containing `data` and/or `errors`, because a single operation can partially succeed across fields. ```json { "data": { "...