Q211. What is a confidence interval and how do you interpret it?
A confidence interval gives a range of plausible values for a population parameter, along with the uncertainty in the estimate. A 95 percent interval means that if we rep...
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Q212. What is overfitting and how do you prevent it?
Overfitting is when a model learns noise and idiosyncrasies of the training set instead of the underlying pattern. It performs well on training data but poorly on new dat...
Q213. What is partitioning and why does it matter for big data?
Partitioning splits a large dataset into smaller physical chunks so queries and maintenance target only relevant data. Common strategies are range (by date), list (by reg...
Q214. What is the cache-aside pattern and how do you keep the cache consistent?
In cache-aside the application checks the cache first. On a miss it reads from the database, writes the value into the cache with a TTL, and returns it. On writes, the co...
Q215. Write an aggregation pipeline that returns the top three products by revenue.
Pipelines pass documents through stages, transforming them step by step. ```js db.orders.aggregate([ { $match: { status: "paid" } }, { $unwind: "$items" }, { $group: { _i...
Q216. What is the difference between a hard link and a symbolic link?
Both point to files, but at different levels. - Hard link: another directory entry for the same inode. The file data is shared, and the link count increases. Deleting one...
Q217. What are build artefacts and why version them?
A build artefact is the immutable output of a build: a container image, JAR, binary, or package. Versioning means each artefact has a unique, traceable identifier. Why: -...
Q218. What is the difference between terraform plan and apply?
plan is a dry run; apply makes changes. - terraform plan refreshes state, compares configuration to reality, and shows what will be created, updated, or destroyed. It doe...
Q219. What is the difference between a Service and an Ingress?
A Service exposes a set of Pods at the transport layer; an Ingress exposes HTTP and HTTPS routes into the cluster at the application layer. - Service: stable virtual IP a...
Q220. Explain Docker networking modes.
Docker creates network namespaces and connects containers using drivers. - bridge (default): containers get private IPs on a virtual bridge. Same-network containers resol...