Q351. Compare the GCP Cloud Storage classes.
Cloud Storage classes trade storage cost for retrieval cost and minimum storage duration. - Standard: frequent access, no minimum duration. Best for hot data and serving ...
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Q352. What is an Azure Virtual Network and how do network security groups work?
A Virtual Network, or VNet, is an isolated private network in a region with its own address space. You divide it into subnets and control traffic with network security gr...
Q353. What is the difference between SQS and SNS?
SQS is a queue; SNS is a publish and subscribe topic. They solve different problems and are often combined. - SQS is point-to-point. A message is stored until a consumer ...
Q354. How do you prevent a cache stampede?
A stampede (thundering herd) happens when a popular key expires or is cold, and many concurrent requests all miss and hit the database at once, potentially overwhelming i...
Q355. Compare RBAC and ABAC for authorization.
Role-Based Access Control assigns permissions to roles and roles to users, for example `admin` can delete any order. It is simple to reason about, easy to audit and a goo...
Q356. What ordering guarantees do message systems provide?
Ordering is usually per partition or per queue, not global. - Kafka orders records within a partition only. Records with the same key go to the same partition, preserving...
Q357. How does the saga pattern handle distributed transactions?
A saga replaces a single ACID transaction across services with a sequence of local transactions, each publishing an event or invoking the next step. If a step fails, prev...
Q358. How should you paginate a GraphQL list field?
Two options: - Offset/limit: `orders(offset: 40, limit: 20)`. Easy to implement but unstable when items are inserted or removed and slow at large offsets. - Cursor-based ...
Q359. How would you design pagination for a large collection?
Two main approaches: - Offset pagination: `GET /items?limit=20&offset=40`. Simple and allows jumping to a page, but degrades as offsets grow because the database must sca...
Q360. How does code splitting produce chunks?
Code splitting divides the bundle so the browser downloads only what a route or interaction needs. Bundlers detect dynamic import() and create a separate chunk for that m...