Q341. What is statistical power and how does it affect sample size?
Power is the probability of detecting a real effect of a given size, that is, correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. The conventional target is 0.8, meaning an 80 p...
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Q342. What is cross-validation and why use it?
Cross-validation repeatedly splits data into training and validation folds to estimate how well a model generalizes. In k-fold, the data is split into k parts; the model ...
Q343. What is the difference between batch and stream processing?
Batch processing handles bounded datasets on a schedule. It is simple, high-throughput and easy to reprocess, but results are delayed by the batch interval. Examples incl...
Q344. What is the difference between Redis Pub/Sub and Streams?
Pub/Sub is fire-and-forget messaging. Publishers send to a channel and subscribers receive in real time, but messages are not stored. An offline subscriber misses them, a...
Q345. How does sharding work in MongoDB?
Sharding horizontally partitions a collection across mongos routers and shards. You choose a shard key, and MongoDB splits the key space into chunks distributed and balan...
Q346. How does the Linux boot process work?
The boot sequence moves from firmware to the kernel and then to userspace. 1. Firmware, BIOS or UEFI, runs POST and then loads the bootloader from disk or network. 2. GRU...
Q347. How do you implement safe rollbacks in a delivery pipeline?
Make rollback a first-class, automated, and tested operation. - Immutable artefacts: deploy versioned images or packages so you can redeploy the previous one exactly. - D...
Q348. How do you manage infrastructure drift in Terraform?
Drift is a difference between real infrastructure and Terraform state, usually caused by manual changes. Detect: - terraform plan refreshes state and shows differences. -...
Q349. How does the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler work?
The Horizontal Pod Autoscaler, or HPA, scales the number of Pod replicas based on observed metrics. - The metrics-server, or a custom or external adapter, supplies metric...
Q350. How do you reduce Docker image size?
Attack the layers, base image, and build context. - Use a minimal base: alpine, distroless, or scratch for static binaries. - Use multi-stage builds: compile in one stage...