Q511. What is NAT and what problems does it cause?
Network Address Translation rewrites IP addresses and often ports as packets cross between a private network and the public Internet. It exists mainly because IPv4 addres...
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Search and filter frequently asked interview questions across technical, programming, and behavioral domains. Tailor your interview preparation by difficulty for freshers or experienced developers (2,728 available).
Q512. What is thrashing and how do you deal with it?
Thrashing is when a system spends more time paging than doing useful work. It happens when the total working set of active processes exceeds physical memory, so pages are...
Q513. What is the difference between overloading and overriding?
Overloading and overriding are different mechanisms that are often confused because both involve the same method name. Overloading is compile-time polymorphism: several m...
Q514. How do you tell a compelling data story to stakeholders?
Start with the decision the audience needs to make, then structure the narrative around it: situation, complication, question and answer. Lead with the recommendation and...
Q515. Explain the difference between correlation and causation.
Correlation means two variables move together; causation means one produces a change in the other. Correlation is symmetric and measurable with a coefficient, while causa...
Q516. How do you evaluate a regression model?
Choose metrics that match the problem. - MAE: mean absolute error, in the target's units, robust to outliers. - MSE and RMSE: penalize large errors more; RMSE is in targe...
Q517. What does idempotency mean in data pipelines and why does it matter?
An idempotent operation produces the same result whether it runs once or many times. Pipelines retry on failure, run backfills and get replayed, so non-idempotent logic c...
Q518. How do you prevent a cache stampede or thundering herd?
A stampede happens when a popular key expires and many clients simultaneously hit the database to rebuild it. Several mitigations exist. - Locking or mutex: only the firs...
Q519. How do you model a one-to-many relationship in MongoDB?
The answer depends on the size of the "many" side and the access pattern. One-to-few: embed an array of subdocuments. A user with a handful of addresses embeds them, so o...
Q520. What are ConfigMaps and Secrets?
Both decouple configuration from container images, but they differ in intent and handling. - ConfigMap: non-sensitive key-value data or files. Consume it as environment v...