Q81. What is the Central Limit Theorem and why does it matter?
The Central Limit Theorem says that the sampling distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size grows, regardless of the shape of the...
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Q82. What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?
Supervised learning uses labelled examples, learning a mapping from inputs to known outputs. Tasks include classification (predict a category, such as spam or not) and re...
Q83. What is the difference between ETL and ELT?
ETL extracts data from sources, transforms it on a separate processing engine, then loads the clean result into the target. ELT extracts and loads raw data into the targe...
Q84. How does Redis persistence work with RDB and AOF?
Redis offers two persistence mechanisms. RDB takes point-in-time snapshots at configured intervals, for example save 900 1 snapshots after 900 seconds if at least one key...
Q85. When would you embed versus reference documents in MongoDB?
Embed when the child data is always read with the parent, is bounded in size, and belongs to that parent. Reference when the child is large, unbounded, or shared across m...
Q86. Explain Linux file permissions and chmod.
Linux permissions have three classes (user, group, other) and three bits each: read (4), write (2), and execute (1). - ls -l shows them as rwxr-xr--. The leading characte...
Q87. What is the difference between continuous delivery and continuous deployment?
Both build on continuous integration, but they differ in what reaches production. - Continuous delivery: every change that passes automated tests is always in a deployabl...
Q88. Explain providers and the terraform init workflow.
A provider is a plugin that lets Terraform talk to an API, such as AWS, Azure, or Kubernetes. - Declare required providers and versions so builds are reproducible. - terr...
Q89. Explain the difference between a Deployment and a StatefulSet.
Both manage Pods, but they make different guarantees. Deployment: - Manages stateless, interchangeable replicas identified by a random suffix. - Supports rolling updates ...
Q90. Explain Docker layers and how caching works.
A Docker image is a stack of read-only layers. Each Dockerfile instruction creates a layer, and layers are shared between images and cached. Build cache: - Docker checks ...