Q91. Explain IAM roles and service accounts in GCP.
GCP IAM binds principals to roles on resources. A service account is a special identity for workloads rather than humans. - Principals: users, groups, service accounts, d...
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Q92. Explain Microsoft Entra ID and how it differs from on-premises Active Directory.
Microsoft Entra ID, formerly Azure AD, is a cloud identity provider using modern protocols such as OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect, and SAML. On-premises Active Directory Domai...
Q93. What is the difference between a security group and a network ACL?
Both control traffic in a VPC, but at different layers. - Security groups are stateful and attached to ENIs or instances. Return traffic is automatically allowed. Rules a...
Q94. What is the difference between cache-aside and read-through?
Cache-aside (lazy loading): the application checks the cache first. On a miss it reads the database, then writes the value into the cache and returns it. The application ...
Q95. Session-based versus token-based authentication: what are the trade-offs?
Session-based authentication stores session state on the server and gives the client an opaque session identifier in a cookie. It is easy to revoke (delete the session), ...
Q96. Explain Kafka topics, partitions and offsets.
A topic is a named stream of records. It is split into partitions, which are the unit of ordering, parallelism and replication. Records within a partition are strictly or...
Q97. What is an API gateway and what does it do?
An API gateway is the single entry point for clients, sitting in front of backend services. It typically handles: - Request routing to the correct service. - Authenticati...
Q98. What is the difference between a query, a mutation and a subscription?
- Query: a read operation. Queries can run in parallel and must be side-effect free. - Mutation: a write operation that changes server state. Top-level mutation fields ru...
Q99. What is the difference between HTTP 401 and 403?
401 Unauthorized means the request lacks valid authentication credentials. The client should authenticate and retry, and the response should include a `WWW-Authenticate` ...
Q100. How does Vite differ from Webpack?
Webpack bundles everything up front: it builds the whole dependency graph, then serves from memory, so cold starts grow with project size. It is extremely configurable th...