Q461. Explain how gradient descent optimizes a model.
Gradient descent minimizes a loss function by repeatedly moving parameters in the direction that decreases the loss. The gradient is the vector of partial derivatives, an...
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Q462. How do you enforce data quality in a data pipeline?
Data quality checks should run as first-class pipeline steps, failing or quarantining bad data rather than silently loading it. Dimensions to test: - Completeness: no une...
Q463. What is a Redis sorted set and what are common use cases?
A sorted set stores unique members, each with a floating-point score, kept ordered by score. Operations are O(log N), and you can query by rank or by score range. ```sh Z...
Q464. Explain write concern and read concern in MongoDB.
Write concern controls how many nodes must acknowledge a write before it counts as successful. w:1 means the primary acknowledged it; w:"majority" means a majority of rep...
Q465. How do you schedule recurring tasks with cron and what are common pitfalls?
cron runs commands on a schedule defined by five time fields: minute, hour, day of month, month and day of week. ```bash # m h dom mon dow command 30 2 * * * /usr/local/b...
Q466. What is the difference between a pipeline stage and a job?
Stages and jobs structure a pipeline into ordered, parallelisable work. - Stage: a logical phase such as build, test, or deploy. Stages run in order, and a later stage st...
Q467. What is the difference between count and for_each?
Both create multiple instances of a resource, but they track them differently. - count takes a number and identifies instances by index, such as resource[0] and resource[...
Q468. Explain how the Kubernetes control plane components work together.
The control plane maintains desired state and schedules workloads. - kube-apiserver: the front door. It validates and persists objects to etcd, and all components talk to...
Q469. How do you troubleshoot a container that exits immediately?
A container stops when its main process exits, so first find out why the process ended. 1. Inspect the exit code and state. ```bash docker ps -a docker inspect --format '...
Q470. What is a GCP service account key and why should you avoid it?
A service account key is a downloadable JSON file containing a private key that lets any holder authenticate as that service account. It is long-lived and does not expire...