Q151. How does systemd manage services?
systemd is the init system on most modern distributions. It starts services and manages dependencies, logging, and lifecycle. - Units describe resources: .service, .socke...
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Q152. How do you design a CI/CD pipeline for a microservices application?
Optimise for independent, fast, and safe delivery per service. - Per-service pipelines: each repository builds, tests, and deploys its own service, avoiding a monolith pi...
Q153. What are Terraform modules and when would you use them?
A module is a reusable package of Terraform configuration. Every configuration is a root module, and it can call child modules. Benefits: - Encapsulation: expose a small ...
Q154. How does Kubernetes service discovery work?
Kubernetes gives stable access to moving Pods through Services and DNS. - A Service selects Pods by label and gets a stable virtual IP, the ClusterIP, and a DNS name. - k...
Q155. What is the difference between Docker volumes and bind mounts?
Both persist data outside the container's writable layer, but they are managed differently. - Volumes are stored in a Docker-managed location under /var/lib/docker/volume...
Q156. Compare Compute Engine, GKE, and Cloud Run.
All run workloads, but at different levels of abstraction. - Compute Engine: raw VMs with full control of the OS, networking, and disks. Best for legacy apps, custom kern...
Q157. What is the difference between ARM templates and Bicep?
ARM templates are the native JSON declarative language for Azure Resource Manager. Bicep is a domain-specific language that transpiles to ARM JSON. Advantages of Bicep: -...
Q158. When would you choose S3 over EBS?
Choose S3 when you need durable, virtually unlimited object storage accessible over HTTP from anywhere. Choose EBS when you need a block device attached to a single EC2 i...
Q159. What does a CDN cache and how does it help?
A content delivery network caches content on edge servers close to users. It serves static assets such as images, CSS, JavaScript and fonts, and can cache dynamic respons...
Q160. What is a JWT and what are its parts?
A JSON Web Token is a compact, URL-safe token with three base64url parts separated by dots: header, payload and signature. ```text eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9 . eyJzdWIiOiI0MiJ9...