Q281. How do you troubleshoot high CPU or memory usage on Linux?
Identify the consumer before acting. CPU: ```bash top -o %CPU uptime # load average pidstat 1 5 # per-process CPU perf top # hot functions ``` Check load average against ...
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Q282. Explain canary deployments.
A canary releases the new version to a small slice of traffic before a full rollout. Process: 1. Deploy the new version alongside the stable one. 2. Route a small percent...
Q283. How do Terraform workspaces work and when should you use them?
Workspaces let one configuration manage multiple, separate states. terraform.workspace is a variable naming the active workspace, and the default workspace always exists....
Q284. Explain liveness, readiness, and startup probes.
Probes let Kubernetes decide a container's health and readiness. - readinessProbe: whether the Pod should receive traffic. Failing it removes the Pod from Service endpoin...
Q285. What is a multi-stage build and why use it?
A multi-stage build uses several FROM stages in one Dockerfile. You can compile in an early stage and copy only the artefacts into a minimal final stage. ```dockerfile FR...
Q286. Explain VPC networks and firewall rules in GCP.
A GCP VPC is a global, software-defined network. Subnets are regional, and instances in different regions can communicate over the internal network. - VPC networks come i...
Q287. Explain Azure Blob Storage access tiers.
Blob Storage offers tiers that trade storage cost against access cost and latency. - Hot: frequent access, highest storage cost, lowest access cost. - Cool: infrequent ac...
Q288. How does IAM role assumption work?
A role is an identity with permission policies but no permanent credentials. A trusted principal calls AWS STS AssumeRole and receives temporary credentials. Flow: 1. The...
Q289. How do you invalidate cached data?
Invalidation is the hardest part of caching. Options, often combined: - TTL expiry: every entry has a lifetime; simple and self-healing, but data can be stale until it ex...
Q290. Explain the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow with PKCE.
It is the recommended flow for web, mobile and single-page applications. 1. The client generates a random `code_verifier`, hashes it to a `code_challenge`, and redirects ...